The Challenges Of A Manager - 2330 Words

During this era of uncertainty for many organizations, management has many challenges to contend with. One of the biggest challenges that a manager has today is increasing revenue, the bottom line dictates most company’s goals. A company has to be competitive in order to thrive, and continue to generate revenue if they are going to be in business. If they are publically held, then they have to answer to Wall Street. With the right leadership, a company can reach its goals if it is equipped with leadership that understands what is needed to reach the goals, and they are equipped to implement the necessary controls that will lead to success. During these tumultuous times, the leader needs to have the ability to build teams that can†¦show more content†¦Utilizing the four functions will provide a structure that will guide the manager to accomplishing the goals. The role of management begins with the planning process, where the manager is responsible for defining the actual goals, and determining the strategy and resources required to meet the goals. The organizing function is similar to bringing the troops together. Organizing calls for delegation of duties. During this process the manager will assign task and responsibilities to certain staff members in an attempt to meet the goal. The leading function is where the motivation will take place. The manager will need to motivate his or her staff so that they buy into the goal, and execute. The final function, controlling is very important. This function involves the assessment and monitoring of the actual task to ensure that the project is on task. 2. Describe and give examples of how the challenges managers face in today’s world are characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity, and sudden changes or threats from the environment. We are living in an era where technology is rapidly changing and new and innovative concepts are being introduced in the workplace. In today’s market place everything revolves around technology. The business model has changed. Organization is looking for innovators, process improvement, and efficiency. Historically, the office consisted of 9-5 worker bees that followed the company policies and

The Battle Of The American Civil War Essay - 1488 Words

How could a traumatic war possibly be a great cause to our country? The battles of the American Civil War for example, has dramatically affected this country in a plethora of ways; from abolishing slavery in the South, uniting the United States, and changing the political and social ways of how we are today. However, these are not the only changes to occur. Military and medicine started to advance, and even different cultures and languages began to develop across the land. As of today, it has been a huge part of our history and without it, we probably would not be who we are today. It all started when a missile stroked a shore. At 4:32 a.m., on April 12, 1861, a fort in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Sumter, was bombed. Threats were made to Federal troops occupying forts in the South. Major Robert Anderson was with the Union and asked the War Department for more reinforcements. He was in command of Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island, not too far from Charleston. Anderson’s pla y was to move him and his men to a more secure fort, which were either Castle Pinckney or the unfinished Fort Sumter. However, Francis Pickens, governor of South Carolina, did not like that idea and wanted Anderson to stay at Fort Moultrie. Anderson was already on his way to Fort Sumter. Pickens demanded Anderson to surrender but of course, he did not want to. On March 1, Brigadier General Beauregard arrived in Charleston. Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, sent him there to take command of theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesOn April 12th 1861 the famous American Civil War began, citizens from all over the United states fought against one another. The war pitted brother against brother in a fight primarily over the freedom of slaves. The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were white especially those serving the southern regiments, however African Americans served as well. The black regiments of the military during the civil were successful and essential. These African Americans were referred to as Buffalo SoldiersRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words   |  4 PagesA Confederate Divided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the e mergence of a new form of large national government withRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1425 Words   |  6 PagesThree years after the attack on Fort Sumter, one of the most controversial battles of the American Civil War was fought in West Tennessee. The battle at Fort Pillow, located near the Mississippi River about 50 miles north of Memphis, was a bloody slaughter of a mixed Union garrison. The garrison was comprised of 557 men total, about half of those men were African American s in the 6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery, and the 2nd Colored Light Artillery, commanded by Major Lionel F. Booth.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War998 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The eco nomy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. They had invested heavily in their transport system, financial industries and communications network. The Southern economyRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1018 Words   |  5 Pages On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg in a battle that still remains the single bloodiest day in American history. The battle consisted of many attacks and counterattacks between Union General George B. McClellan and The Army of the Potomac against Confederate Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Confederates managed to fight relentlessly over the course of the struggle. However, afterRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War2055 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War was an infamous struggle fought, primarily, on the issue of slavery. This war shook the nation to its very core, and its legacy has lived on in the hearts and minds of American citizens. Few words have a stronger impact, or strike as familiar of a note, as the words â€Å"Four score and seven years ago.† Americans recognize this statement on a subconscious level, even if they do not know whe re they are from. These words were spoken in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, at a pivotalRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stonewall† Jackson was alive in a very tense time for American History. The Southern States were in a full scale rebellion from the Union now calling themselves The Confederate States of America. The previously unified nation was split into two opposing sides going head to head in a battle to the death, with no end in sight. Starting his career in the US military, Jackson continued on to become one of the most famous generals in the American Civil War. Many historians consider him not only a strong leaderRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a battle that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. This war ripped the entire country into two opposing sides and forced them to fight against each other due to differences in beliefs. Al though this War brought great tragedy across the entire nation, some refer to this time period as an American Revolution. But how could a time that caused mass amounts of death and terror be considered a period that revolutionized the country? By exploring this time period

Fixed Surveillance Stationary Which Used †Myaasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fixed Surveillance Is A Stationary Which Used? Answer: Introducation The fixed surveillance is a stationary which used for the observation of any area. It observes a close area and watches the place with proper surveillance. The surveillance is normally use in apartment or any house for getting a clear view of any objects or any subjects property. Picking the site will become more interesting when the person leaves his house and it will work according to the techniques. The fixed surveillance can be used in any stationery places like office, apartment, house, automobile, or truck[1]. The five different cases where fixed surveillances are require solving the investigations. Those are: In a department store the authority has got an information from their attorney that one man has slipped and fallen in the store and got injury in his neck and not able to work[2]. Therefore, he filled a case against them. The plaintiff is a commercial underwater driver. Now it is important to know how he was injured. Here, he came to fix a water pipe under water. However, the surveillance camera can be use to find the issue[3]. In the hotel room the use of surveillance is needed. When the cleaning people enter in to the room the hotel authority must hide the cameras. The police authorities need to use the fixed surveillance techniques to control the criminal activities. They also need to fixed several surveillance cameras for fixing the criminals[4]. Any stationary shops the use of surveillance camera is important for prevent any criminal activities like stolen any objects from the shop. In the office the fixed surveillance is needed to protect the office employment from any kind of illegal activities. The video tapes from the recorded camera will help to fix any illegal activities in the office which will be helpful for the employees[5]. The another kind of fixed-mobile service which helps in the private investigation like workmen's compensation, slip and falls, automobile accident claims or any video recording where the use of physical activities also very helpful. The surveillance can be constructed by our own that it can be controlled from any places like a house, apartment or any car[6]. The pesky neighbors define the annoying people who cause unwanted noises in daily life. When the Picking the Site was specialized in insurance fraud, workmen's compensation, and slip-and-fall defense cases the surveillance will help the best[7]. At night most of the people will not able to activate the cameras of the outdoor of the house. Therefore the situation will be helpful to investigators to look for the issues[8]. The best ways to deal with the noisy neighbors by inform them about the disturbance. When someone is studying in their room and the neighbors break the silence by excessive noise then help him to understand that the noise is interrupting on other people life[9]. Never use any confrontation words against the neighbor will affect the life. The neighbors are seeking of a solution not any hostile standoff from other[10]. The use of blaming language also needs to stain off towards the neighbor which will help to control the noise. Avoid every angered or disgruntled attitude towards the neighbors may dissatisfy them more and restrained to have mutual conversations[11]. In another way the pesky neighbors can be control trough compromising with them. Inform the neighbors about the rules of the area or the complex and follow them thoroughly[12]. An agreement can be made also with neighbors and instruct them to follow the guidelines and solve the issues. Another way to deal with the pesky neighbors by writing a letter and inform them about the disturbance which are arising. The composed letter should have written trough polite and factual approaches. Complains or the issues also stated in polite approaches where it should be mentioned about the compromising with them and resolve the issues[13]. The written record of the issues will help to take any actions of the regarding disturbances[14]. The person who is dealing with the situation will take every outcome of the records and conversation which will be helpful for the person who is making the complaint against the pesky neighbors[15]. The setting up a cover is crucial when conducting the surveillance because the when the insurance has been claimed from the surveillance place the location should be close to the subjected area[16]. When any situation has been arise due to the situation then it will be good to interact with the person who is directly related with the situation. There are various reasons to conducting the surveillances to investigate the issues which was locating by any individuals[17]. Through the surveillance the crime can be prevented. The electronic mediums can be useful as evidence in the criminal activities. The obtain evidence in civil suits is also important and the documentation by the individual location[18]. When the investigation process is obtained, the documentation and information for the interrogation purposes are also need to collect for the investigation purposes[19]. For the investigation the previous setting up is needed which will be helpful for the investigator to find every evidence related to the issues and solve according to the situation[20]. A pre-plan is require before investigate the issues because the plans will be help to develop the issues with reasonable explanations and solve the issues as soon as possible[21]. While investigating the issue the investigator must make sure that he will make a safe place from where he can able to cover the whole situation and record the incident. By asking the questions the cover can be set and get the video[22]. By making the conversation the information can be collect and help to solve the issues. Therefore it can be stated that the setting up the cover is important while investigate the issues[23]. Reference Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014. Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014 [1] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [2] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [3] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [4] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [5] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [6] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [7] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [8] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [9] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [10] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [11] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [12][12] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [13] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [14] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [15] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [16] Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. [17] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [18][18] Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. [19] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [20] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [21] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [22] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [23] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.

Intra-Industry Trade In Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intra-Industry Trade In Australia. Answer: Introduction Over the past decades, trade has become an important part of the modern economy. Fundamentally, trade refers to the exchange of services and goods between individuals, firms, and countries. Mainly, trade exists due to specialization and division of labor, whereby individuals and firms specialize in the production of certain goods and services. There are various forms of trade today, among them inter-industry trade and intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade refers to the trading in similar products that belong to the same sector. In contrast, inter-industry trade (IIT) pertains to the exchange of services and goods that are dissimilar and belong to different sectors. Typically, it is trading between countries where imports and exports consist of different types of commodities. Notably, trade often exists between regions due to the fact that different regions have different resource endowments, hence possess comparative advantages in the production of certain commodities. According to the article Gas curbs will hurt LNG exports and national interests, published in The Australian, Paul Kerin explains how the LNG export restrictions that were imposed by the countrys prime minister will adversely affect intra-industry trade in the Australian economy. The new restrictions impose limitations on IIT in LNG between Australia and its trading partners. Mainly, the decision is based on the fact that LNG imports are more expensive than the exports from the country. In turn, this creates a situation where the local prices for gas are higher than the export prices from the country. Hence, it is viewed that the country is getting worse off due to trading in the product, instead of gaining significant benefits from the trade. For this reason, the government seeks to impose restrictions on the trading of the product in the country. The Concept Intra-Industry Trade Essentially, IIT arises when the Australian economy imports and exports the same type of products and services. Here, the similarity of the product is identified in terms of the sector in which the goods or service belong to (Kerin, 2017). Notably, according to the article, Australia takes part in intra-industry trade of LNG gas. The economy exports gas o countries such as US and Japan and also imports the product from them (Kerin, 2017). Over the years, IIT has become an indispensable part of the functioning of modern economies. The most basic question that arises in this form of trading is why economies of the world partake in the exchange of the same goods and services. Under the traditional economic theory, this form of trade is impossible. In the traditional model, countries engaged exclusively in inter-industry trade in order to partake in the exchange goods and services that were dissimilar. As such, exchange goods and services which the individual economies could not produce on their own due to lack of factor endowments for their production. Profoundly, this model was founded on the concept of comparative advantage, and economies only engage in the manufacturing of services and commodities in which the nation possess a competitive and comparative advantage. However, the concept of IIT allows for the trading of similar goods and services between economies. Primarily, the occurrence of trade in the same commodities can be explained using Paul Krugmans New Trade Theory. According to this theory, countries specialize in the production of services and products in order to take advantage of increasing returns. This model parts from the neoclassical view that nations produce goods and services due to regional endowments. Hence, this allows economies to produce commodities and benefit from the increasing returns that arise from trading in the commodity. More specifically, it permits nations to specialize in the production of certain goods so as to receive returns. In addition to this explanation, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo model justifies an intra-industry trade on the grounds that nations with identical resources would still engage in an exchange due to dissimilarities in the level of technology (Davis, 1995). Typically, differences in technology between countries result in specialization, thereby allowing for trade to occur between countries. In turn, different countries producing the same product engage in the trade of the product, either homogenous or slightly differentiated. Thus, this gives rise to the concept of the type of IIT which includes the exchange of homogeneous products, horizontally differentiated products or vertically differentiated goods. Today, IIT is held accountable for influencing the unexpectedly huge growth of industrial trade among most economies in the world. In fact, it is responsible for a significantly large proportion of the aggregate international trade among these economies. Types of Intra-industry Trade It is important to distinguish between the types of IIT for products and services within the economy. Horizontal intra-industry trade. Typically, this pertains to the trading in exports and imports that are categorized under one sector. In this type of trade, the commodities traded are at the same stage of processing. For instance, Australia exports natural gas to Japan and the US and also imports the same commodity from the two countries. Thus, the traded product is in the same sector at the same processing stage. Hence, according to Kerins article (2017), the Australian economy is engaging in a horizontal IIT in the import and export of LNG gas with the US and the Japanese economy. Vertical intra-industry trade. Mainly, this form of trade occurs where the exports and imports that are being traded are classified under the same sector, but at different phases of processing. For example, Australia can export crude oil to the US and import petroleum from the same country. Thus, although crude oil and petroleum are classified under the same segment, they are at different phases of production. Characteristically, this kind of trade arises mainly due to the ability of countries divide the manufacturing process into numerous stages, each undertaken at varied locations in order to take advantage of technological factors and local conditions. Characteristics of the trade It is worth noting that intra-industry trade has significantly increased over the past few years among OECD countries. Aside from the types of intra-industry trade, there are various characteristics that are pertinent to this kind of trade. Essentially, the first characteristic pertains to the fact that intra-industry trade is high among economies that are open to trading such that their imports and exports account for a significantly large proportion of their GDP. In this case, this characteristic applies to the Australian economy. Australia is the 22nd largest exporter of goods and services in the world. It is also a major importer (ABS, 2017). Secondly, this trade mainly occurs among economies that possess preferential trade agreements. Notably, the Australian economy is a member of various FTAs and has signed trade agreements with countries such as Korea, Japan, Peru, and China (McGuirik, 2017). In turn, this has increased prospects for two-way investments between the countries as well as improved the competitive position of the countrys exports. Subsequently, this has facilitated intra-industry trade. Thirdly, the trade occurs mainly for sophisticated manufactured commodities such as transport equipment, chemicals, electronics, petroleum, and oil, among others. In this case, the production and processing of oil is a sophisticated process, hereby satisfying this characteristic. Measurement of Intra-industry trade Imperatively, it is crucial to point out that IIT is somehow challenging to measure statistically. Mainly, this can be attributed to the fact categorizing products and industries as the same is mainly based on definitions and classification. However, it is often measured using various indexes such as the Aquino index, the Glesjer index, The Balassa index, the Bergstrand index and Grubel-Lloyd index. Intra-industry Trade and Comparative Advantage It can be argued that just like inter-industry trade, IIT also arises due to the existence of comparative advantage in the production of services and products among nations. Fundamentally, the very definition of IIT suggests that there is a plausible connection between the two concepts in accordance with the Ricardian determinants of trade (FPO, n.d.). However, in this case, IIT represents trading in perfectly intra-industry goods. Besides that, comparative advantage in the production of commodities brings about the need for specialization and learning. As such, firms in different economies develop unique and different skills. The past few years has seen the splitting of specialization in the world economy. Nowadays, this trend is known as splitting up the value chain. Primarily, this describes how the product is manufactured in different stages. This is made possible by the fact that improvements in communication and technology in the world have improved the process of sharing information, thereby making it possible to disintegrate the value chain. Thus, instead of production in a single factory or country, the stages of production are split up among firms in various economies. Given the fact that the value chain is disintegrated, international trade usually involves unfinished products being trade between nations. Additionally, it involves the shipping of specialized good (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). What is more, IIT between similar countries results ineconomics due to the fact that it permits the labor force and firms to innovate and learn particular products by focusing on specified stages of the val ue chain. As a result, trading countries are able to gain significant benefits from this trade. One fundamental reason why Intra-industry trade between nations results ineconomic gains involves economies of scale. Basically, this refers to the condition in which as the scale of production increases, then the average costs of production declines up to a certain degree (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). Thus, countries that possess the advantage of economies of scale have relatively lower costs of production than those economies that produce at lower production rates. In turn, the presence of variations in the degree of economies of scale between trading nations allows for differences in prices between their outputs. Sequentially, this facilitates intra-industry trade between nations. Furthermore, in IIT the level of worker productivity depends largely on how the firms in different countries engage in specific learning about specialized products. At this point, the comparative advantage between countries and firms are dynamic (Krugram, n.d.). As such, they can evolve and change over time as new skills are developed. For this reason, countries are flexible in response to the changes in the comparative advantages between economies. Analysis of the Article Primarily, Paul Kerins article (2017) shades some light to the concept of intra-industry trade in the Australian economy. Predominantly, the article reports the proposed restrictions in the level of exports from the country as announced by Prime Minister Turnbull. According to Kerin, the decision was founded on false premises and ignored fundamental concepts of intra-industry trade thereby ignoring the dynamic consequences of this decision. From the article, one can deduce that Turnbull believes that domestic buyers of LNG paid a significantly higher price for the product than the price at which the product is exported from the Australian economy. For this reason, the Prime Minister was strongly against the Intra-industry trade for the reason that it resulted in capital losses than gains for the domestic economy. Ordinarily, countries and firms engage in trade with other agents in order to receive gains from the trade in the form of increasing returns. Thus, in this case, the basic reason for conducting IIT in gas between Australia and nations like Japan is not achieved. Mainly, this is due to the fact that domestic users of the product are affected by the fact that the local prices for the product in the country are higher than the export price (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). In turn, this implies that the Australian consumers of would be better off if the exports from the country were not exported, but instead diverted to the domestic market. According to the article, the domestic gas prices in the country do not reflect the international prices. More specifically, the domestic prices for the product are higher than the export prices and other international prices in the market. The netback prices of the exports are below the netback price on sales into major domestic destination hubs. Thus, although LNG is a tradable product, it possesses the characteristics of non-tradable resources. Ineconomic theory, a non-tradable product is one whose export price is lower than the domestic costs. In turn, this makes it irrational to sell the product at a lower price in the international market at the expense of the local market. In this regard, Turnbull is justified to advocate for the imposition of restrictions on exports from the country in order to protect domestic consumers from hiked prices. In his report, Turnbull insists that the Australian government is still committed to LNG exports, but this should not be done at the expense of the economys interest. He believes that it is better to save the supply of gas produced in the country in order to lower the local prices for the commodity. Fundamentally, this decision can be supported by economic theory such that it is better to secure lower prices for the product in the country. Predominantly, this is because high gas prices in the country have a ripple effect in the price level of other commodities in the economy because it is used in the production of other goods in the economy. Thus, high local prices for gas would force producers to pay more for the product, causing them to transfer these costs to the prices of their final output. Consequently, high prices of locally produced commodities would further reduce their competitiveness in the international market. In this regard, the decision to restrict exports of gas from the country is largely justified. However, proponents of interindustry trade strongly oppose this move. Instead, they propose that there are better ways to maintain domestic prices low. According to Kerin (2017), the government can control prices through improved regulation of gas pipelines in the country. Essentially, this is due to the fact that it accounts for a significant proportion of domestic end-user prices. In addition, he argues that the government can increase and enable new sources of gas supply in the country, thereby build and enhance the level of competition in the economy. Fundamentally, he proposes that instead of imposing restrictions on exports, restrictions be uplifted. Subsequently, a free market for gas would respond in the form of forces of demand and supply to keep the domestic prices in check. In addition to this, the removal of restrictions would make exports more competitive than imports in the local market. Consequently, this would allow the economy to reap benefits from intra-industry tra de with Japan on gas. It is noteworthy that Turnbull claims that the restrictions are temporary, and would be removed as soon as the domestic conditions in the gas market improve. Contrary to this view, Milton Friedman was of the opinion that most temporary programs initiated by the government are often permanent. For this reason, it would be misguiding to believe that the proposed restrictions would be temporary. Additionally, this also implies that imposing these restrictions on exports may become permanent, thereby worsening the intra-trade conditions in the country over the long term period. In turn, this would lock out the Australian economy from enjoying the benefits associated with intra-industry trade in gas related products. Thus, it is imperative to note that the proposed reductions in the short term prices through the imposition of restrictions on gas exports may work only over the short term period. However, the extension of the policy of the long term period would adversely affect intra-industry trade between Australia and its trading partners, as it would act as a significant barrier to free trade, which is imperative for the system to work. Besides that, this strategy would result in reluctance on the side of the government to initiate better methods to regulate pipelines and increase the supply of the commodity in the country. In turn, this would further worsen the trade conditions in the Australian economy. Profoundly, this would force the Australian economy to forego the benefits associated with free inter-trade and intra-trade in the economy. In this regard, the Australian government should restrict from imposing export restrictions and allow the market to readjust itself. This way, the nation would be able to reap the benefits of conducting in intra-industry trade in gas and associated products. Conclusion It is imperative to point out the fact that international trade has become a fundamental part of the operation of the modem economy. Nowadays, countries and firms take part in inter-industry and intra-industry trade. While inter-industry trade involves the exchange of different goods and services that belong to different sectors, intra-industry trade pertains to the exchange of commodities that are characteristically similar and belong to the same sector (Economics of Free Trade, n.d.). Predominantly, intra-industry trade arises due to the existence of variations in the level of technology, tastes and preferences of the consumers, and comparative advantages arising from economies of scale. Mainly, different countries engage in the production of similar products and trade in them in order to gain from the increasing returns resulting from the trade of these commodities. Thus, just like intra-industry trade, intra-industry trade is equally profitable for countries to engage in (Economi cs of Free Trade, n.d.). Notably, the Australian economy engages in both inter-industry trade and intra-industry trade with other nations. According to the article by Paul Kerin (2017), the economy engages in intra-industry trade in LNG gas. However, recently, the prime minister proposed an imposition of restrictions on the level of gas exports from the country following significantly high prices of imports compared to the low-priced exports from the country. Essentially, this decision would adversely affect the level of intra-industry trade between Australia and Japan, as it would reduce the volume of exports traded in the international market. As a result, this would lock out the economy from receiving the increasing returns associated with trading in the international market. Thus, the government should restrain from imposing the proposed restrictions in order to keep benefitting from the intra-industry trade in the commodity. References Davis, D. R. (1995). Intra-industry trade: A Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo approach. Journal of International Economics. 39 (3/4): 201226. Economics of free trade agreements not always black and white. [Online] Drive. Available at https://www.drive.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/economics-of-free-trade-agreements-not-always-black-and-white-zqrt9.html [Accessed 31 May 2017] Grimwade, Nigel (2000). International Trade: New Patterns of Trade, Production Investment (Second ed.). 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(2017). Australia and Peru to begin negotiating free trade agreement. [Online] ABC. Available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/australia-peru-begin-negotiating-free-trade-agreement-47580565 [Accessed 31 May 2017] The significance of intra-industry trade as a cause and consequence of global environment: New Zealand and her European, Pacific, and Asian partners. [Online] FPO. Available at https://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Management-International-Review/17415959.html [Accessed 31 May 2017] Why do countries trade? [Online] Economics Online. Available at https://economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Why_do_countries_trade.html [Accessed 31 May 2017].