The Challenges Of A Manager - 2330 Words

During this era of uncertainty for many organizations, management has many challenges to contend with. One of the biggest challenges that a manager has today is increasing revenue, the bottom line dictates most company’s goals. A company has to be competitive in order to thrive, and continue to generate revenue if they are going to be in business. If they are publically held, then they have to answer to Wall Street. With the right leadership, a company can reach its goals if it is equipped with leadership that understands what is needed to reach the goals, and they are equipped to implement the necessary controls that will lead to success. During these tumultuous times, the leader needs to have the ability to build teams that can†¦show more content†¦Utilizing the four functions will provide a structure that will guide the manager to accomplishing the goals. The role of management begins with the planning process, where the manager is responsible for defining the actual goals, and determining the strategy and resources required to meet the goals. The organizing function is similar to bringing the troops together. Organizing calls for delegation of duties. During this process the manager will assign task and responsibilities to certain staff members in an attempt to meet the goal. The leading function is where the motivation will take place. The manager will need to motivate his or her staff so that they buy into the goal, and execute. The final function, controlling is very important. This function involves the assessment and monitoring of the actual task to ensure that the project is on task. 2. Describe and give examples of how the challenges managers face in today’s world are characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity, and sudden changes or threats from the environment. We are living in an era where technology is rapidly changing and new and innovative concepts are being introduced in the workplace. In today’s market place everything revolves around technology. The business model has changed. Organization is looking for innovators, process improvement, and efficiency. Historically, the office consisted of 9-5 worker bees that followed the company policies and

The Battle Of The American Civil War Essay - 1488 Words

How could a traumatic war possibly be a great cause to our country? The battles of the American Civil War for example, has dramatically affected this country in a plethora of ways; from abolishing slavery in the South, uniting the United States, and changing the political and social ways of how we are today. However, these are not the only changes to occur. Military and medicine started to advance, and even different cultures and languages began to develop across the land. As of today, it has been a huge part of our history and without it, we probably would not be who we are today. It all started when a missile stroked a shore. At 4:32 a.m., on April 12, 1861, a fort in Charleston, South Carolina, Fort Sumter, was bombed. Threats were made to Federal troops occupying forts in the South. Major Robert Anderson was with the Union and asked the War Department for more reinforcements. He was in command of Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island, not too far from Charleston. Anderson’s pla y was to move him and his men to a more secure fort, which were either Castle Pinckney or the unfinished Fort Sumter. However, Francis Pickens, governor of South Carolina, did not like that idea and wanted Anderson to stay at Fort Moultrie. Anderson was already on his way to Fort Sumter. Pickens demanded Anderson to surrender but of course, he did not want to. On March 1, Brigadier General Beauregard arrived in Charleston. Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, sent him there to take command of theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1140 Words   |  5 PagesOn April 12th 1861 the famous American Civil War began, citizens from all over the United states fought against one another. The war pitted brother against brother in a fight primarily over the freedom of slaves. The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were white especially those serving the southern regiments, however African Americans served as well. The black regiments of the military during the civil were successful and essential. These African Americans were referred to as Buffalo SoldiersRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War869 Words   |  4 PagesA Confederate Divided The American Civil War has become a point of controversy and argument when discussing key events in shaping America. The arguments that arise when discussing the war tend to focus on whether the Confederate was constitutionally justified in seceding, or whether the North had the right to prevent the secession. However, when discussing the America Civil War and the idea of separation, it is important to be mindful that separation did not simply end at the state level.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1335 Words   |  6 Pagesback with hindsight and the knowledge of warfare of the 21st century it is easy to say that the American Civil War was simply put, a very traditional war. Thinking of modern tactics and a course of numbers and deployment one might come to the conclusion that the Civil War was fought centuries ago; nevertheless, it only occurred 152 years ago. This hard fought national struggle was in fact a very modern war for many simple reasons, including the e mergence of a new form of large national government withRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1425 Words   |  6 PagesThree years after the attack on Fort Sumter, one of the most controversial battles of the American Civil War was fought in West Tennessee. The battle at Fort Pillow, located near the Mississippi River about 50 miles north of Memphis, was a bloody slaughter of a mixed Union garrison. The garrison was comprised of 557 men total, about half of those men were African American s in the 6th U.S. Regiment Colored Heavy Artillery, and the 2nd Colored Light Artillery, commanded by Major Lionel F. Booth.Read MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War998 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The eco nomy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. They had invested heavily in their transport system, financial industries and communications network. The Southern economyRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1018 Words   |  5 Pages On September 17, 1862, the Union and Confederate armies met near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg in a battle that still remains the single bloodiest day in American history. The battle consisted of many attacks and counterattacks between Union General George B. McClellan and The Army of the Potomac against Confederate Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Confederates managed to fight relentlessly over the course of the struggle. However, afterRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War2055 Words   |  9 PagesThe American Civil War was an infamous struggle fought, primarily, on the issue of slavery. This war shook the nation to its very core, and its legacy has lived on in the hearts and minds of American citizens. Few words have a stronger impact, or strike as familiar of a note, as the words â€Å"Four score and seven years ago.† Americans recognize this statement on a subconscious level, even if they do not know whe re they are from. These words were spoken in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, at a pivotalRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Stonewall† Jackson was alive in a very tense time for American History. The Southern States were in a full scale rebellion from the Union now calling themselves The Confederate States of America. The previously unified nation was split into two opposing sides going head to head in a battle to the death, with no end in sight. Starting his career in the US military, Jackson continued on to become one of the most famous generals in the American Civil War. Many historians consider him not only a strong leaderRead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War1494 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Civil War was a battle that took place in the United States from 1861 to 1865. This war ripped the entire country into two opposing sides and forced them to fight against each other due to differences in beliefs. Al though this War brought great tragedy across the entire nation, some refer to this time period as an American Revolution. But how could a time that caused mass amounts of death and terror be considered a period that revolutionized the country? By exploring this time period

Fixed Surveillance Stationary Which Used †Myaasignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fixed Surveillance Is A Stationary Which Used? Answer: Introducation The fixed surveillance is a stationary which used for the observation of any area. It observes a close area and watches the place with proper surveillance. The surveillance is normally use in apartment or any house for getting a clear view of any objects or any subjects property. Picking the site will become more interesting when the person leaves his house and it will work according to the techniques. The fixed surveillance can be used in any stationery places like office, apartment, house, automobile, or truck[1]. The five different cases where fixed surveillances are require solving the investigations. Those are: In a department store the authority has got an information from their attorney that one man has slipped and fallen in the store and got injury in his neck and not able to work[2]. Therefore, he filled a case against them. The plaintiff is a commercial underwater driver. Now it is important to know how he was injured. Here, he came to fix a water pipe under water. However, the surveillance camera can be use to find the issue[3]. In the hotel room the use of surveillance is needed. When the cleaning people enter in to the room the hotel authority must hide the cameras. The police authorities need to use the fixed surveillance techniques to control the criminal activities. They also need to fixed several surveillance cameras for fixing the criminals[4]. Any stationary shops the use of surveillance camera is important for prevent any criminal activities like stolen any objects from the shop. In the office the fixed surveillance is needed to protect the office employment from any kind of illegal activities. The video tapes from the recorded camera will help to fix any illegal activities in the office which will be helpful for the employees[5]. The another kind of fixed-mobile service which helps in the private investigation like workmen's compensation, slip and falls, automobile accident claims or any video recording where the use of physical activities also very helpful. The surveillance can be constructed by our own that it can be controlled from any places like a house, apartment or any car[6]. The pesky neighbors define the annoying people who cause unwanted noises in daily life. When the Picking the Site was specialized in insurance fraud, workmen's compensation, and slip-and-fall defense cases the surveillance will help the best[7]. At night most of the people will not able to activate the cameras of the outdoor of the house. Therefore the situation will be helpful to investigators to look for the issues[8]. The best ways to deal with the noisy neighbors by inform them about the disturbance. When someone is studying in their room and the neighbors break the silence by excessive noise then help him to understand that the noise is interrupting on other people life[9]. Never use any confrontation words against the neighbor will affect the life. The neighbors are seeking of a solution not any hostile standoff from other[10]. The use of blaming language also needs to stain off towards the neighbor which will help to control the noise. Avoid every angered or disgruntled attitude towards the neighbors may dissatisfy them more and restrained to have mutual conversations[11]. In another way the pesky neighbors can be control trough compromising with them. Inform the neighbors about the rules of the area or the complex and follow them thoroughly[12]. An agreement can be made also with neighbors and instruct them to follow the guidelines and solve the issues. Another way to deal with the pesky neighbors by writing a letter and inform them about the disturbance which are arising. The composed letter should have written trough polite and factual approaches. Complains or the issues also stated in polite approaches where it should be mentioned about the compromising with them and resolve the issues[13]. The written record of the issues will help to take any actions of the regarding disturbances[14]. The person who is dealing with the situation will take every outcome of the records and conversation which will be helpful for the person who is making the complaint against the pesky neighbors[15]. The setting up a cover is crucial when conducting the surveillance because the when the insurance has been claimed from the surveillance place the location should be close to the subjected area[16]. When any situation has been arise due to the situation then it will be good to interact with the person who is directly related with the situation. There are various reasons to conducting the surveillances to investigate the issues which was locating by any individuals[17]. Through the surveillance the crime can be prevented. The electronic mediums can be useful as evidence in the criminal activities. The obtain evidence in civil suits is also important and the documentation by the individual location[18]. When the investigation process is obtained, the documentation and information for the interrogation purposes are also need to collect for the investigation purposes[19]. For the investigation the previous setting up is needed which will be helpful for the investigator to find every evidence related to the issues and solve according to the situation[20]. A pre-plan is require before investigate the issues because the plans will be help to develop the issues with reasonable explanations and solve the issues as soon as possible[21]. While investigating the issue the investigator must make sure that he will make a safe place from where he can able to cover the whole situation and record the incident. By asking the questions the cover can be set and get the video[22]. By making the conversation the information can be collect and help to solve the issues. Therefore it can be stated that the setting up the cover is important while investigate the issues[23]. Reference Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014. Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014 [1] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [2] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [3] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [4] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [5] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [6] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [7] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [8] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [9] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [10] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [11] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [12][12] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [13] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [14] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [15] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [16] Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. [17] Burnet, Macfarlane. Immunological surveillance. Elsevier, 2014 [18][18] Fuchs, Christian, and Daniel Trottier. "Towards a theoretical model of social media surveillance in contemporary society." (2015): 113-135. [19] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014. [20] Feris, Rogerio, et al. "Attribute-based people search: Lessons learnt from a practical surveillance system." Proceedings of International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval. ACM, 2014. [21] Ortego, Diego, and Juan C. SanMiguel. "Multi-feature stationary foreground detection for crowded video-surveillance." Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2014. [22] Coppi, Dalia, Simone Calderara, and Rita Cucchiara. "Active query process for digital video surveillance forensic applications." Signal, Image and Video Processing 9.4 (2015): 749-759. [23] Sennewald, Charles A., and John Tsukayama. The process of investigation: Concepts and strategies for investigators in the private sector. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.

Intra-Industry Trade In Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intra-Industry Trade In Australia. Answer: Introduction Over the past decades, trade has become an important part of the modern economy. Fundamentally, trade refers to the exchange of services and goods between individuals, firms, and countries. Mainly, trade exists due to specialization and division of labor, whereby individuals and firms specialize in the production of certain goods and services. There are various forms of trade today, among them inter-industry trade and intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade refers to the trading in similar products that belong to the same sector. In contrast, inter-industry trade (IIT) pertains to the exchange of services and goods that are dissimilar and belong to different sectors. Typically, it is trading between countries where imports and exports consist of different types of commodities. Notably, trade often exists between regions due to the fact that different regions have different resource endowments, hence possess comparative advantages in the production of certain commodities. According to the article Gas curbs will hurt LNG exports and national interests, published in The Australian, Paul Kerin explains how the LNG export restrictions that were imposed by the countrys prime minister will adversely affect intra-industry trade in the Australian economy. The new restrictions impose limitations on IIT in LNG between Australia and its trading partners. Mainly, the decision is based on the fact that LNG imports are more expensive than the exports from the country. In turn, this creates a situation where the local prices for gas are higher than the export prices from the country. Hence, it is viewed that the country is getting worse off due to trading in the product, instead of gaining significant benefits from the trade. For this reason, the government seeks to impose restrictions on the trading of the product in the country. The Concept Intra-Industry Trade Essentially, IIT arises when the Australian economy imports and exports the same type of products and services. Here, the similarity of the product is identified in terms of the sector in which the goods or service belong to (Kerin, 2017). Notably, according to the article, Australia takes part in intra-industry trade of LNG gas. The economy exports gas o countries such as US and Japan and also imports the product from them (Kerin, 2017). Over the years, IIT has become an indispensable part of the functioning of modern economies. The most basic question that arises in this form of trading is why economies of the world partake in the exchange of the same goods and services. Under the traditional economic theory, this form of trade is impossible. In the traditional model, countries engaged exclusively in inter-industry trade in order to partake in the exchange goods and services that were dissimilar. As such, exchange goods and services which the individual economies could not produce on their own due to lack of factor endowments for their production. Profoundly, this model was founded on the concept of comparative advantage, and economies only engage in the manufacturing of services and commodities in which the nation possess a competitive and comparative advantage. However, the concept of IIT allows for the trading of similar goods and services between economies. Primarily, the occurrence of trade in the same commodities can be explained using Paul Krugmans New Trade Theory. According to this theory, countries specialize in the production of services and products in order to take advantage of increasing returns. This model parts from the neoclassical view that nations produce goods and services due to regional endowments. Hence, this allows economies to produce commodities and benefit from the increasing returns that arise from trading in the commodity. More specifically, it permits nations to specialize in the production of certain goods so as to receive returns. In addition to this explanation, the Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo model justifies an intra-industry trade on the grounds that nations with identical resources would still engage in an exchange due to dissimilarities in the level of technology (Davis, 1995). Typically, differences in technology between countries result in specialization, thereby allowing for trade to occur between countries. In turn, different countries producing the same product engage in the trade of the product, either homogenous or slightly differentiated. Thus, this gives rise to the concept of the type of IIT which includes the exchange of homogeneous products, horizontally differentiated products or vertically differentiated goods. Today, IIT is held accountable for influencing the unexpectedly huge growth of industrial trade among most economies in the world. In fact, it is responsible for a significantly large proportion of the aggregate international trade among these economies. Types of Intra-industry Trade It is important to distinguish between the types of IIT for products and services within the economy. Horizontal intra-industry trade. Typically, this pertains to the trading in exports and imports that are categorized under one sector. In this type of trade, the commodities traded are at the same stage of processing. For instance, Australia exports natural gas to Japan and the US and also imports the same commodity from the two countries. Thus, the traded product is in the same sector at the same processing stage. Hence, according to Kerins article (2017), the Australian economy is engaging in a horizontal IIT in the import and export of LNG gas with the US and the Japanese economy. Vertical intra-industry trade. Mainly, this form of trade occurs where the exports and imports that are being traded are classified under the same sector, but at different phases of processing. For example, Australia can export crude oil to the US and import petroleum from the same country. Thus, although crude oil and petroleum are classified under the same segment, they are at different phases of production. Characteristically, this kind of trade arises mainly due to the ability of countries divide the manufacturing process into numerous stages, each undertaken at varied locations in order to take advantage of technological factors and local conditions. Characteristics of the trade It is worth noting that intra-industry trade has significantly increased over the past few years among OECD countries. Aside from the types of intra-industry trade, there are various characteristics that are pertinent to this kind of trade. Essentially, the first characteristic pertains to the fact that intra-industry trade is high among economies that are open to trading such that their imports and exports account for a significantly large proportion of their GDP. In this case, this characteristic applies to the Australian economy. Australia is the 22nd largest exporter of goods and services in the world. It is also a major importer (ABS, 2017). Secondly, this trade mainly occurs among economies that possess preferential trade agreements. Notably, the Australian economy is a member of various FTAs and has signed trade agreements with countries such as Korea, Japan, Peru, and China (McGuirik, 2017). In turn, this has increased prospects for two-way investments between the countries as well as improved the competitive position of the countrys exports. Subsequently, this has facilitated intra-industry trade. Thirdly, the trade occurs mainly for sophisticated manufactured commodities such as transport equipment, chemicals, electronics, petroleum, and oil, among others. In this case, the production and processing of oil is a sophisticated process, hereby satisfying this characteristic. Measurement of Intra-industry trade Imperatively, it is crucial to point out that IIT is somehow challenging to measure statistically. Mainly, this can be attributed to the fact categorizing products and industries as the same is mainly based on definitions and classification. However, it is often measured using various indexes such as the Aquino index, the Glesjer index, The Balassa index, the Bergstrand index and Grubel-Lloyd index. Intra-industry Trade and Comparative Advantage It can be argued that just like inter-industry trade, IIT also arises due to the existence of comparative advantage in the production of services and products among nations. Fundamentally, the very definition of IIT suggests that there is a plausible connection between the two concepts in accordance with the Ricardian determinants of trade (FPO, n.d.). However, in this case, IIT represents trading in perfectly intra-industry goods. Besides that, comparative advantage in the production of commodities brings about the need for specialization and learning. As such, firms in different economies develop unique and different skills. The past few years has seen the splitting of specialization in the world economy. Nowadays, this trend is known as splitting up the value chain. Primarily, this describes how the product is manufactured in different stages. This is made possible by the fact that improvements in communication and technology in the world have improved the process of sharing information, thereby making it possible to disintegrate the value chain. Thus, instead of production in a single factory or country, the stages of production are split up among firms in various economies. Given the fact that the value chain is disintegrated, international trade usually involves unfinished products being trade between nations. Additionally, it involves the shipping of specialized good (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). What is more, IIT between similar countries results ineconomics due to the fact that it permits the labor force and firms to innovate and learn particular products by focusing on specified stages of the val ue chain. As a result, trading countries are able to gain significant benefits from this trade. One fundamental reason why Intra-industry trade between nations results ineconomic gains involves economies of scale. Basically, this refers to the condition in which as the scale of production increases, then the average costs of production declines up to a certain degree (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). Thus, countries that possess the advantage of economies of scale have relatively lower costs of production than those economies that produce at lower production rates. In turn, the presence of variations in the degree of economies of scale between trading nations allows for differences in prices between their outputs. Sequentially, this facilitates intra-industry trade between nations. Furthermore, in IIT the level of worker productivity depends largely on how the firms in different countries engage in specific learning about specialized products. At this point, the comparative advantage between countries and firms are dynamic (Krugram, n.d.). As such, they can evolve and change over time as new skills are developed. For this reason, countries are flexible in response to the changes in the comparative advantages between economies. Analysis of the Article Primarily, Paul Kerins article (2017) shades some light to the concept of intra-industry trade in the Australian economy. Predominantly, the article reports the proposed restrictions in the level of exports from the country as announced by Prime Minister Turnbull. According to Kerin, the decision was founded on false premises and ignored fundamental concepts of intra-industry trade thereby ignoring the dynamic consequences of this decision. From the article, one can deduce that Turnbull believes that domestic buyers of LNG paid a significantly higher price for the product than the price at which the product is exported from the Australian economy. For this reason, the Prime Minister was strongly against the Intra-industry trade for the reason that it resulted in capital losses than gains for the domestic economy. Ordinarily, countries and firms engage in trade with other agents in order to receive gains from the trade in the form of increasing returns. Thus, in this case, the basic reason for conducting IIT in gas between Australia and nations like Japan is not achieved. Mainly, this is due to the fact that domestic users of the product are affected by the fact that the local prices for the product in the country are higher than the export price (Intra-industry trade, n.d.). In turn, this implies that the Australian consumers of would be better off if the exports from the country were not exported, but instead diverted to the domestic market. According to the article, the domestic gas prices in the country do not reflect the international prices. More specifically, the domestic prices for the product are higher than the export prices and other international prices in the market. The netback prices of the exports are below the netback price on sales into major domestic destination hubs. Thus, although LNG is a tradable product, it possesses the characteristics of non-tradable resources. Ineconomic theory, a non-tradable product is one whose export price is lower than the domestic costs. In turn, this makes it irrational to sell the product at a lower price in the international market at the expense of the local market. In this regard, Turnbull is justified to advocate for the imposition of restrictions on exports from the country in order to protect domestic consumers from hiked prices. In his report, Turnbull insists that the Australian government is still committed to LNG exports, but this should not be done at the expense of the economys interest. He believes that it is better to save the supply of gas produced in the country in order to lower the local prices for the commodity. Fundamentally, this decision can be supported by economic theory such that it is better to secure lower prices for the product in the country. Predominantly, this is because high gas prices in the country have a ripple effect in the price level of other commodities in the economy because it is used in the production of other goods in the economy. Thus, high local prices for gas would force producers to pay more for the product, causing them to transfer these costs to the prices of their final output. Consequently, high prices of locally produced commodities would further reduce their competitiveness in the international market. In this regard, the decision to restrict exports of gas from the country is largely justified. However, proponents of interindustry trade strongly oppose this move. Instead, they propose that there are better ways to maintain domestic prices low. According to Kerin (2017), the government can control prices through improved regulation of gas pipelines in the country. Essentially, this is due to the fact that it accounts for a significant proportion of domestic end-user prices. In addition, he argues that the government can increase and enable new sources of gas supply in the country, thereby build and enhance the level of competition in the economy. Fundamentally, he proposes that instead of imposing restrictions on exports, restrictions be uplifted. Subsequently, a free market for gas would respond in the form of forces of demand and supply to keep the domestic prices in check. In addition to this, the removal of restrictions would make exports more competitive than imports in the local market. Consequently, this would allow the economy to reap benefits from intra-industry tra de with Japan on gas. It is noteworthy that Turnbull claims that the restrictions are temporary, and would be removed as soon as the domestic conditions in the gas market improve. Contrary to this view, Milton Friedman was of the opinion that most temporary programs initiated by the government are often permanent. For this reason, it would be misguiding to believe that the proposed restrictions would be temporary. Additionally, this also implies that imposing these restrictions on exports may become permanent, thereby worsening the intra-trade conditions in the country over the long term period. In turn, this would lock out the Australian economy from enjoying the benefits associated with intra-industry trade in gas related products. Thus, it is imperative to note that the proposed reductions in the short term prices through the imposition of restrictions on gas exports may work only over the short term period. However, the extension of the policy of the long term period would adversely affect intra-industry trade between Australia and its trading partners, as it would act as a significant barrier to free trade, which is imperative for the system to work. Besides that, this strategy would result in reluctance on the side of the government to initiate better methods to regulate pipelines and increase the supply of the commodity in the country. In turn, this would further worsen the trade conditions in the Australian economy. Profoundly, this would force the Australian economy to forego the benefits associated with free inter-trade and intra-trade in the economy. In this regard, the Australian government should restrict from imposing export restrictions and allow the market to readjust itself. This way, the nation would be able to reap the benefits of conducting in intra-industry trade in gas and associated products. Conclusion It is imperative to point out the fact that international trade has become a fundamental part of the operation of the modem economy. Nowadays, countries and firms take part in inter-industry and intra-industry trade. While inter-industry trade involves the exchange of different goods and services that belong to different sectors, intra-industry trade pertains to the exchange of commodities that are characteristically similar and belong to the same sector (Economics of Free Trade, n.d.). Predominantly, intra-industry trade arises due to the existence of variations in the level of technology, tastes and preferences of the consumers, and comparative advantages arising from economies of scale. Mainly, different countries engage in the production of similar products and trade in them in order to gain from the increasing returns resulting from the trade of these commodities. Thus, just like intra-industry trade, intra-industry trade is equally profitable for countries to engage in (Economi cs of Free Trade, n.d.). Notably, the Australian economy engages in both inter-industry trade and intra-industry trade with other nations. According to the article by Paul Kerin (2017), the economy engages in intra-industry trade in LNG gas. However, recently, the prime minister proposed an imposition of restrictions on the level of gas exports from the country following significantly high prices of imports compared to the low-priced exports from the country. Essentially, this decision would adversely affect the level of intra-industry trade between Australia and Japan, as it would reduce the volume of exports traded in the international market. As a result, this would lock out the economy from receiving the increasing returns associated with trading in the international market. Thus, the government should restrain from imposing the proposed restrictions in order to keep benefitting from the intra-industry trade in the commodity. References Davis, D. R. (1995). Intra-industry trade: A Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo approach. Journal of International Economics. 39 (3/4): 201226. Economics of free trade agreements not always black and white. [Online] Drive. Available at https://www.drive.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/economics-of-free-trade-agreements-not-always-black-and-white-zqrt9.html [Accessed 31 May 2017] Grimwade, Nigel (2000). International Trade: New Patterns of Trade, Production Investment (Second ed.). New York: Routledge International Trade. [Online] Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/international-trade [Accessed 31 May 2017] Intra-industry Trade between Similar Economies. [Online] Open Text Book. Available at https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofeconomics/chapter/33-3-intra-industry-trade-between-similar-economies/ [Accessed 31 May 2017] Kerin, P. (2017). Gas curbs will hurt LNG exports and national interests. [Online] The Australian. Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/gas-curbs-will-hurt-lng-exports-and-national-interests/news-story/8eaa31b4a4cdafb33bc82601023ad80b [Accessed 31 May 2017] Krugman, P. (2017). Australia and Peru to begin negotiating free trade agreement. [Online] Princeton University. Available at https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/Intraindustry.pdf [Accessed 31 May 2017] Krugman, Paul; Obstfeld, Maurice (1991). International Economics: Theory and Policy (Second ed.). New York: Harper Collins. McGuirik, R. (2017). Australia and Peru to begin negotiating free trade agreement. [Online] ABC. Available at https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/australia-peru-begin-negotiating-free-trade-agreement-47580565 [Accessed 31 May 2017] The significance of intra-industry trade as a cause and consequence of global environment: New Zealand and her European, Pacific, and Asian partners. [Online] FPO. Available at https://www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Management-International-Review/17415959.html [Accessed 31 May 2017] Why do countries trade? [Online] Economics Online. Available at https://economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Why_do_countries_trade.html [Accessed 31 May 2017].

Battle of the Bismarck Sea in World War II

Battle of the Bismarck Sea in World War II Battle of the Bismarck Sea -Conflict Dates: The Battle of the Bismarck Sea was fought March 2-4, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders Allies Major General George KenneyAir Commodore Joe Hewitt39 heavy bombers, 41 medium bombers, 34 light bombers, 54 fighters Japanese Rear Admiral Masatomi KimuraVice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa8 destroyers, 8 transports, approx. 100 aircraft Battle of the Bismarck Sea -Background: With defeat looming in the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Japanese high command began making efforts in December 1942 to reinforce their position in New Guinea. Seeking to shift around 105,000 men from China and Japan, the first convoys reached Wewak, New Guinea in January and February delivering men from the 20th and 41st Infantry Divisions. This successful movement was an embarrassment to Major General George Kenney, commander of the Fifth Air Force and Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area, who had vowed to cut off the island from re-supply. Assessing the failures of his command during the first two months of 1943, Kenney revised tactics and embarked on a rapid training program to ensure better success against maritime targets. As the Allies set to work, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa began making plans to shift the 51st Infantry Division from Rabaul, New Britain to Lae, New Guinea. On February 28, the convoy, consisting of eight transports and eight destroyers assembled at Rabaul. For additional protection, 100 fighters were to provide cover. To lead the convoy, Mikawa selected Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Battle of the Bismarck Sea - Striking the Japanese: Due to Allied signals intelligence, Kenney was aware that a large Japanese convoy would be sailing for Lae in early March. Departing Rabaul, Kimura originally intended to pass south of New Britain but changed his mind at the last minute to take advantage a storm front that was moving along the north side of the island. This front provided cover through the day on March 1 and Allied reconnaissance planes were unable to locate the Japanese force. Around 4:00 PM, an American B-24 Liberator briefly spotted the convoy, but the weather and time of day precluded an attack (Map). The next morning, another B-24 spotted the Kimuras ships. Due to the range, several flights of B-17 Flying Fortresses were dispatched to the area. To help reduce the Japanese air cover, Royal Australian Air Force A-20s from Port Moresby attacked the airfield at Lae. Arriving over the convoy, the B-17s began their attack and succeeded in sinking the transport Kyokusei Maru with the loss of 700 of the 1,500 men on board. B-17 strikes continued through the afternoon with marginal success as the weather frequently obscured the target area. Tracked through the night by Australian PBY Catalinas, they came within range of the Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay around around 3:25 AM. Though launching flight of Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers, only two of the RAAF aircraft located the convoy and neither scored a hit. Later in the morning the convoy came into range of the bulk of Kenneys aircraft. While 90 aircraft were assigned to striking Kimura, 22 RAAF Douglas Bostons were ordered attack Lae through the day to reduce the Japanese air threat. Around 10:00 AM the first in series of closely coordinated aerial attacks began. Bombing from around 7,000 feet, B-17s succeeded in breaking up Kimuras formation, reducing the effectiveness of the Japanese anti-aircraft fire. These were followed by B-25 Mitchells bombing from between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. These attacks drew the bulk of the Japanese fire leaving an opening for low-altitude strikes. Approaching the Japanese ships, the Bristol Beaufighters of No. 30 Squadron RAAF were mistaken by the Japanese for Bristol Beauforts. Believing the aircraft to be torpedo planes, the Japanese turned towards them to present a smaller profile. This maneuver allowed the Australians to inflict maximum damage as the Beaufighters strafed the ships with their 20 mm cannons. Stunned by this attack, the Japanese were next hit by modified B-25s flying at low-altitude. Strafing the Japanese ships, they also made skip bombing attacks in which bombs were bounced along the surface of the water into the sides of enemy vessels. With the convoy in flames, a final attack was made by a flight of American A-20 Havocs. In short order, Kimuras ships had been reduced to burning hulks. Attacks continued through the afternoon to ensure their final destruction. While the battle raged around the convoy, P-38 Lightnings provided cover from Japanese fighters and claimed 20 kills against three losses. The next day, the Japanese mounted a retaliatory raid against the Allied base at Buna, New Guinea, but inflicted little damage. For several days after the battle, Allied aircraft returned to the scene and attacked survivors in the water. Such attacks were viewed as necessary and were partially in retribution for the Japanese practice of strafing Allied airmen while they descended in their parachutes. Battle of the Bismarck Sea - Aftermath: In the fighting at Bismarck Sea, the Japanese lost eight transports, four destroyers, and 20 aircraft. In addition, between 3,000 and 7,000 men were killed. Allied losses totaled four aircraft and 13 airmen. A complete victory for the Allies, the Battle of the Bismarck Sea led Mikawa to comment a short time later, It is certain that the success obtained by the American air force in this battle dealt a fatal blow to the South Pacific. The success of Allied air power convinced the Japanese that even strongly escorted convoys could not operate without air superiority. Unable to reinforce and re-supply troops in the region, the Japanese were permanently put on the defensive, opening the way for successful Allied campaigns. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Battle of the Bismarck SeaLong Lancers: Battle of the Bismarck SeaPacific Wrecks: Battle of the Bismarck Sea

Dramatic Irony in the Pardoners Tale Essay Example

Dramatic Irony in the Pardoners Tale Essay Example Dramatic Irony in the Pardoners Tale Paper Dramatic Irony in the Pardoners Tale Paper Essay Topic: Dr Faustus Literature Both Dr Faustus and The Pardoners Tale seek to offer comprehensive views on both Christianity and its moral values. A particular emphasis in both texts is placed upon sin, and both the two eponymous characters, as well as the societies in which they live, seem to be incapable of halting their sins, or indeed redeeming them. Both Chaucer and Marlowe explore the theme of sin through several passages, one of which they have in common being their title characters. In The Pardoners Tale, the Pardoner is shown immediately to be a dishonest character with very few moral values whatsoever. Chaucers use of somewhat grotesque simile in his mere description makes us feel uneasy, with his hair as yellow as wax hanging down like flax. Later, when we are introduced to the principal aspects of his character, we find that he is dishonest, scheming and self-obsessed to the core. Moreover, he commits what the medieval world thought the greatest sin of all in that he is so proud of it. He tells us quite openly that his intentions are nought but to win [money], and nothing for correction of sin, and delights in recounting to the pilgrims how he is able to dupe his congregations into buying his pardons. The Pardoners sin is presented very effectively to us as readers, in exactly the same way that the Pardoner goes about his sinful acts, through his powerful oratory, and given that when The Canterbury Tales was written, poetry was designed to be read aloud and heard, this presentation of sin becomes even more appropriate. Marlowe makes use of a similar technique in Dr Faustus to show off his characters greatest sin, which also happens to be pride. The medium of drama lends itself probably best of all to exposing a characters shortcomings through their own words and actions, and this is exactly the image Marlowe gives us of Faustus. We first see Faustus arrogance in the opening scene, when he tells us that his common talk are sound aphorisms, and his self-important nature soon leads him to succumb to the chance to become a mighty god by the conclusion of the play. However, unlike Chaucer, Marlowe does not present Faustus as being a character wholly drenched in sin. Faustus is far more wavering, and indeed has many occasions in the play where he is unsure about what he is doing. This leads the audience to develop a somewhat sympathetic relationship with Faustus, which is totally different from our condemnation of the Pardoner. Faustus seems totally unsure in his own head what to do: I do repent, and yet I do despair, but his pride eventually becomes his downfall, as even after Mephistopheles warned him of his frivolous demands, Faustus pours scorn over him, telling him to learn of Faustus manly fortitude. The cruel irony that Marlowe gives us here is that though Faustus many be all-knowing in mortal terms, unlike Mephistopheles he has seen neither heaven nor hell, and therefore knows nothing of the latters true torment. The characters of the Seven Deadly Sins are physically portrayed in Dr Faustus. Mephistopheles conjures devils masquerading as each of the sins to present to Faustus. This is generally accepted by critics as Marlowes shorthand way of introducing the Deadly Sins into the play without adding numerous extra scenes detailing the incorporation of all the sins into Marlowes deeds. They are typical of a device often used in Elizabethan theatre, and would have been dressed grotesquely in such a way to extract laughter from the audience. This is somewhat contradictory, as making the sins into a joke may serve to lessen their potential to be a warning to Faustus to change his ways. However, considering firstly that Faustus sees them as a joke also (in any case he has no true belief that Hell actually exists at all), and secondly the words of the sins, they become a very useful symbolic device in the play. Through their self-description, we can link many of the sins traits to similar ones of Faustus. Pride, for example, has an arrogance that leads him to reject the place into which he has been born, having disdain for any parents. This is very similar to Faustus desire to escape the world of mortal knowledge. Covetousness tells us of its sweet gold: Faustus too tells us of his desire to heap up gold in the opening scene of the play. Thus, there are many warning signs for Faustus in the pageant, but whilst the audience may pick up on them, Marlowe makes sure the dramatic irony is effected by making Faustus oblivious to any of them. The Pardoner, on the other hand, is far from oblivious of his sin, but sin itself is portrayed in a rather different way by Chaucer. Rather than have the sins parade to him, the Pardoner details personally what he considers to be the worldly sins to the pilgrims. This creates the additional irony when the audience discovers that the Pardoner himself is guilty of all of them. Were The Pardoners Tale simply a sermon, an audience would perhaps not take it seriously, given that the Pardoners hypocrisy makes his words lack any true conviction or seriousness. However, the part-Parabolic nature of the tale itself brings a new element of meaning into the sins of The Pardoners Tale. The characters in the tale are described simply as three rioters, and the tale is clearly one of morality: The Pardoner does not focus on their deaths at the end of the tale, simply skating over the fact that they had him slain, and that anon, not getting drawn into the violent details but keeping the overall message of morality going. We know the Pardoner is only doing this in an attempt to make the pilgrims meekly receive his pardon and bag him a profit, but nonetheless the tale can be taken a lot more seriously than the Pardoners sermon given its uncanny resemblance to one of Jesus Parables. Both authors also seek to further the point that sin comes about by the devil taking advantage of ones personal weaknesses. In The Pardoners Tale, the Pardoner tells us that the fiend, our enemy put the idea of poisoning his fellows into the mind of the third reveller, which goes someway to absolving the third reveller of his sins because it was not his fault, but the devils. One possible reading of the character of the Old Man is that he is the devil in disguise, sat at the stile; the crossroads ready to lead the three men down the wrong path. This too would lessen the blame of the revellers for pursuing their sinful cause, although their treatment of the man and their desire for the gold are still both faults of their own. This idea of lessening the blame is also used by Marlowe in Doctor Faustus. All through the play, it is clear at points when Faustus starts to doubt the path he has chosen, Mephistopheles will conjure up a cheap trick to distract his interest. In addition, Mephistopheles explains to us when we first meet him that the reason he has come to Faustus is that when we hear one rack the name of God, Abjure the Scriptures and his Saviour Christ, we fly in hope to get his glorious soul. This element of alleviating blame is crucial in Doctor Faustus, and pivotal to its success as a play, because shifting an element of the responsibility for Faustus sins onto Lucifer allows us to empathise with Faustus, an emotion that would be otherwise impossible to justify. Similarly, we are able to empathise with Mephistopheles as he tells us that he is tormented with ten thousand hells and asks Faustus to leave his demands. It is clear from the language Mephistopheles uses in this passage in Act I, Scene III, that he still has an element of human nature about him. He conveys a sense of emotion and pain that we are able to relate to, in a way that we cannot with, say, Lucifer, as we never get to hear such intimate thoughts of his. Mephistopheles sin is also mitigated by the fact that he lives in hell due to conspiring against our God with Lucifer. The fact that it was Lucifer who committed the mortal sin, and Mephistopheles just a fringe party to it, again allows us to blame Lucifer for part of Mephistopheles fate. Despite some contemporaries and critics believing Marlowe to be an atheist, he nonetheless, along with Chaucer, presents a view typical of contemporary English belief that the devil is responsible for the sins of man. However, both authors go beyond this and suggest that the religious system itself is inwardly sinful, or at least not concerned with the plight of wider society. In Dr Faustus, the Papacy is displayed as greedy and gluttonous, concerned only with dainty dishes and who took the meat. The stupidity of the dirge also highlights the incompetence of the Church, and seeks to mock the general state of Catholicism. In fact, given the era in which the play was written, this may merely be an innocent satire, government-pleasing anti-Catholic propaganda, but even so within the context of the play it raises an important point: are the forces of good on the side of God really any better than Faustus and his path of evil? In most of the play, good and evil are kept very distinct, with Faustus Good Angel and Bad Angel consciences. However here, they become merged, and therefore it becomes more difficult to measure Faustus sins. In The Pardoners Tale, we do not suffer this problem. The Pardoners hypocrisy actually clarifies good and evil all the more because he is so outrageous that we can spot the irony that the good path of life he forwards is not the one he takes. Chaucer also attempts a satire at the Church system, because the Pope and cardinals are in on the Pardoners game. The Pardoner has come from the Court of Rome and he later tells us that he has been given pardons by the Popes hand. This gives us the impression that the Church, as well as the Pardoner, is using peoples fear of their own sins and retribution to make money. Human sin is a key strand of thought throughout both texts, and both authors present it in ways that invoke entirely different emotional responses from their audiences: Marlowes invitation of empathy and sorrow is entirely contrasted by Chaucers effect of comedy and farce. However, both in their own ways still leave a message of morality, and their different presentations of sin both contribute heavily to the audiences need for self-reflection after seeing or hearing the text.

Discussion 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Discussion 4 - Essay Example Hence, it might be stated that the introduction of cloud computing came into limelight mainly to fulfil the requirements or utilities of the individual in this advanced age. As a result of which, the process of attainment of varied essential information became extremely faster and quicker than before (Jamsa, 2011). However, it also includes varied types of issues such as control or managing problems, performance or reliability trouble, security, cost of bandwidth, vendor lock-In, transparency, reliability and final thoughts. But among all these above mentioned issues, the most note-worthy challenges are security and performance among others (Furht & Escalante, 2010). After reading the paragraph and watching the video, I totally agree that, utility is the main driving force that fascinated the customers towards the concept of cloud computing or advanced technology. This is surely a revolutionary move that fuelled the utilities of the customers or business enterprises. As a result of this technological change, the business entrepreneurs may very easily cope-up with the changing requirements of the customers that might enhance the reputation and reliability of the brand to a certain extent. Not only this, cloud computing also enabled the facility of accessing various information or facts at any time from their office locations thereby reducing their work-load. Therefore, due to all these facilities, the concept of cloud computing became extremely popular and eminent in this rapidly changing market among other techniques. In spite of various advantages, cloud computing also comprises of numerous pitfalls or issues such as control problem, performance or reliability issue, security, cost of bandwidth, vendor lock-In issue, transparency and reliability problems. However, among all these issues, the most challenging one is the trouble of security. This is because, in case the valuable data or information about the total sale of the

The Features And Problems Of The Educational Process Essay

The Features And Problems Of The Educational Process - Essay Example He insists that education is on the level of psychological and sociological, these two are combined to mold an individual in the society to be their own person in the civilized society that is and continues to be, it trains them to have use of all their capabilities. He purposes school as a social institution that should be used to simplify life for the young minds so that they do not become confused or have their capabilities develop prematurely (Dewey 463). It expounds and forms the social life that is installed at home, the information imparted in schools and lessons learned is a preparation for the future. The teachers in the school should not control or command the kids rather see influences that will positively affect the child’s future and examinations that test the child’s fitness for social life. The social life of a child is based on their social activities, thus the subject matter of the education taught in schools should progress civilization (Dewey 464). It should not be objective but help interpret past experiences and develop new attitudes and interests. The author tries to inform us that when a child is involved in a passive and absorbing attitude rather than active and experimental the result is waste and friction (Dewey 465). Laws and regulations should not be imposed because education is the moral duty of any society in order to shape itself in its own direction. John Dewey uses repetition and examples in his essay My Pedagogic Creed to convince his audience that is mainly the educators, parents of young students, and the community that instant education reform is of utmost importance for the proper social and psychological growth of children. He uses strong emotion and opinions on how the subject matter of the education should be and what he thinks is the duty of the teachers and the society in instilling education in a  child.

Disscus the challenges that global warming presents to both Essay

Disscus the challenges that global warming presents to both governments and business - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to describe the challenges that global warming represents to both businesses and governmental institution around the world. Global warming is a problem that concerns the entire society across the world including the public and private sectors. Some of the dangers and consequences associated with global warming include ocean circulation disruptions, desertification, flooding of low-lands due to higher sea levels, hurricanes, extinction of species, mass disruptions of agriculture, and mass movement of people away from coastal cities (Bionomicfuel, 2011). Global warming is hurting the earth’s ecosystem and is putting at danger the well-being of our future generations. The gas that is responsible for the majority of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) (Nationalgeographic, 2011). Based on the fact the CO2 is the primary reason for global warming corporations and governments have to implement solutions to limit the release of CO2 into the atmosphere. There are five others gases which are considered by the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 as contributors to global warming. The six greenhouse gases that are targeted by Kyoto are CO2, N2 O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 (Sudgen, 2011). The Kyoto Protocol was created in 1997 with the purpose of establishing standards in order to reduce air pollution. The treaty set environmental standards in industrialized nations. Developing countries were not included in the Kyoto protocol. The fact that developing countries were not included in Kyoto made this international regulation a bit ineffective in the battle against global warming. The treaty forced countries to meet their national targets through their own initiatives. There are three mechanisms that help countries achieve their environmental goals. The three mechanisms included in the Kyoto protocol were emission trading also known as carbon trading, development mechanism, and joint implementation. Emission trading limits and trading rules in each country va ries which makes every emission trading market operation different (Sudgen, 2011). The way emission trading works is that companies that fall below the set environment standard receive credits. These credits can be sold to companies that exceed their limits so that the buying company can comply with Kyoto. One of the most active and effective carbon trading systems in the world is the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Since the scheme includes the participation of many countries the EU ETS is the largest trading system in the world. The capacity of the EU ETS is 2 billion tonnes of CO2. The clean developing mechanism is the second mechanism provided by the Kyoto protocol. The developing mechanism allows companies with subsidiaries in developing countries to implement emission reduction projects in a developing nation such as Argentina. The reduction in emissions of these projects gives the companies carbon credits that can be used in their operations in industrialized count ries. The joint implementation system allows companies that have subsidiaries in other industrialized countries to interchange the carbon reduction credits earn in either country. A problem with the Kyoto Protocol was that the most powerful nation in the world, the United States, never acceded to it. A new governmental

Fossil Fuels: Contribution and Impact

Fossil Fuels: Contribution and Impact Discuss the contribution of fossil fuel to modern human society and the environmental impact The importance of Fossil Fuels to human society cannot be overemphasized. Public services such as buses, train system, general heating system and electricity are being powered with fossil fuels. Due to the high global demand of fossil fuels, they form the major part of the economy of producing countries and the world in general. However the impact of fossil fuel to the environment has been an issue of great concern. Considering the visible contributions of fossil fuels to modern human society, the environmental implications pose a dilemma to the world leaders. It is crucial that the hazards posed by fossil fuels to the environment be tactfully minimized while taking into account its positive contributions to civilization. The first section of this essay will discuss in a general context the different contributions that fossil fuel had made to the modern human world. It will further discuss the contributions and environmental implications of coal, oil and natural gas. The final sectio n in the form of conclusion will summarize in a general term the contributions and environmental implications fossil fuels on modern human society. Comparing the trends in the rate at which each type of fossil fuel is being consumed in a global scenario will show the impact of the continuous increase in the rate of fossil fuels consumption will have on future environment. The environmental implication of fossil fuels as discussed in this essay is with respect to pollution and climate change. Energy is fundamental to the quality of our lives. In fact most human activities depend on the regular and uninterrupted supply of energy. This makes fossil fuels essential to modern human society, (Baker, 2008).The issues concerning the facts of the global energy consumption can be related to fossil fuels because; they serve as primary source of energy globally. According to Chow, et al. (2003),  the global energy use exceeds 370 (EJ) and fossil fuels contribute about 80% of this quantity of energy. This implies that fossil fuels contribute two third of global energy. Fossil fuels are made up of namely: coal, oil and natural gas. They were formed in the outer layer of the earth from the remains of plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years age (Encarta World English Dictionary, 2005). This implies that fossil fuels are almost non-renewable because its formation process takes a long period and this period is long enough for the world to run out of fossil fuel reserv es. Fossil fuels contribution is noticeable considering how the quantity of energy in a country affects both their economy and social life. In the world today the industrial, transportation, public service and residential sectors are been powered mainly by fossil fuel. Therefore, these different sectors where fossil fuels are majorly consumed underscore their important contributions to modern human society. One of the key uses of fossil fuels is to generate electricity. Coal is one of the major fuel sources for electricity generation. The relative low cost of coal and its abundance  added to the fact that it does not  require the upkeep of pipelines and security issues while transporting coal is an advantage over other sources of fossil fuels for generating electricity. Coal fuels the economy of countries, for example: China has about 30% of the worlds coal reserves and uses coal as their major energy supply, (OECD, 1998). Chinas industrial power which allow for economic growth depends virtually on coal (IEA, 2005). However Chinas dependence on coal has led to the countrys emitting about 39% of the total global CO2  emission. Burning coal produce useful by-product that are been used in the industrial sector mainly in steel plants and cement works, (Rohde, 1998). However, the environmental issues being raised by the global consumption of coal is of major concern. The toxins emitted from the combustion of coal and the waste from it mining process result in climate change and making the soil unproductive for agriculture, (OECD, 1983). Coal in comparison with the two other types of fossil fuels has more environmental impacts. According to the OECDS publication on coal and environmental protection states during exploration of coal to its end use coal has environmental implications: â€Å"During mining, treatment, transport and storage the sources of environmental concern can be summarized as subsidence, land use, liquid and solid waste, dust, noise, vibration and deterioration of surface and subsurface natural water systems. The major sources of pollution during combustion are air emissions of SOx, NOx  and particulates, and solid waste materials.†Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (OECD, 1998) Source: BP coal consumption table, 2008. From:http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/coal_table_of_coal_consumption_2008.pdf Figure 1 above shows the increase in the rate of consumption of coal. There was a slight decrease in 1998 and 1999. This might be as a result of a reduction in consumption of coal in different countries. However, generally the rate of increase between years is not very much but if this increase rate is consistent over a period of time the quantity of coal consumed will be astronomical which implies that the environmental issues posed by coal will likewise be on the increase. In recent times, technological development and with some regulatory organizations that manages mining activities, the environmental issues are minimized. A careful comparison of the contributions of coal to the human society and its environmental implications makes the issue of coal controversial, (IEA, 1998). While the environmental implications posed by coal mining and usage are of concern, its contribution to modern human society requires that the action to be taken should be balanced with regards to its economical, energy and environmental impact. Oil like coal has contributed to modern human society in quite a number of ways. Unlike coal, it is easier and cleaner to burn and have a wider range of application. It is consumed the most among coal and natural gas. In fact the increase in demand of oil results in a lucrative international oil market. Therefore this lucrative oil market is an advantage to the oil producing countries because when either the rate of global demand, price or both increases these countries economy will be benefited. The major contribution of oil to modern human society is evident in the industrial and transportation sector. Most machines used in the industries make use of refined oil product. In the transportation sector aircraft and automobiles are examples of machines that make use of refined oil product. In addition, plastic and detergent are byproducts of oil. However, just like the other types of fossil fuels, the processes of exploration, refining, transporting and consumption of oil have an envir onmental implication. Firstly during exploration of oil, loss of drilling mud will result in escape of oil, (OECD, 1973). In an event where oil escapes, the case will be that the soil and/or the sea will be polluted. This will lead to loss of productive land for agriculture and possibly, extinction of the aquatic habitants in the surrounding sea. In addition to loss of drilling mud is the seismic technique for exploration. As a result of the loud and low frequency output, this technique endangers marine lives during offshore exploration, (Kennesaw State University, 2009). Another environmental issues associated with the process of refining oil is the methods which the refinery chooses to dispose oil waste. These wastes are sometime after being treated with a supposedly less harmful chemical is emptied into the sea. This chemically treated waste with time get to the point it becomes poisonous to aquatic life, (OECD, 1971). Also some gases are being emitted during refining and this leads to air pollution which harmful to both humans and animals. These gases can cause cancer and other diseases to humans if inhaled. Oil spill is the major issue with oil transportation. According to the article: Environmental science activities for the 21st  century published by Kennesaw State University: â€Å"Oil spill during transportation of oil account for an estimated 44 million gallons being dumped into the worlds water system, with 29 million gallons of this coming in the form of oil tanker spills†. Natural gas is an important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthier environment compared to coal and oil. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas also offers a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, mainly other types of fossil fuels, (BP, 2006). The different uses of natural gas in modern human society make it an essential part of human life. Natural gas domestic uses are part of the many social impact it has on human society. Natural gas is convenient and it is being piped straight to the consumers facility which in contrast, oil must be trucked to the customers location, and truck deliveries are to liable to weather conditions. Natural gas is reliable, (BP, 2006). Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Because the combustion process for natural gas is almost perfect, very few byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants. The blue flame seen w hen natural gas is ignited is a sign of perfect combustion. Natural gas is mainly used for domestic, commercial, industrial and power generation purposes. Firstly, the residential applications of natural gas are the most commonly known use of natural gas. It can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. Domestic appliances are increasingly improved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. Operating costs of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of oil and coal. It is mainly used commercially by food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities and in office buildings. Also natural gas commercial applications include cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating. Secondly, Natural gas is used as an input to manufacture pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. Gas is also used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration. In addition electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provide  energy for their power plants. In general, natural gas fuelled power plants have lower capital  costs, are built faster, work more efficiently and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants, (IEA, 1998). Technological improvements in design, efficiency and operation of combined cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favoring the use of natural gas in power generation. Natural gas in a joint- electricity generation produces power and heat that is useful for industries as well as commercial users. This cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably. Although the combustion of natural gas produces very little NOx, this chemical is however a toxic agents that results to acidic compounds and when combined with water and result in acid rain. Also, the length of the complex and extensive systems of pipelines in which natural gas are being transported through are in thousands of kilometers. Considering that natural gas in the pipe is in a condensate state, in the case of material defects and pipe corrosion to ground erosion natural gas will be exposed to the environment and in effect will pollute the air. Also, the technique of extracting natural gas is one of its disadvantages which are because of the creation of cavities in the ground during extraction. If natural gas is been inhaled in large amounts is harmful to humans. The gas is extracted from a natural gas field. The pressure exerted by the gas helps support the layers of soil above the gas field. When the gas is extracted, the soil pressure increases and cavities are created in the ground. These cavities can sometimes cause the ground to sink and the productive land for agriculture might be lost. Another environmental implication of natural gas is that the gas is toxic and can be poisonous. If the fields from which it was extracted were not treated, it can be toxic. The principle greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides. Methane being the principle component of natural gas makes it a matter of concern with regards to greenhouse emission that results to climate change. Methane is a very strong greenhouse gas. In fact, it has an ability to trap heat almost 21 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, (naturalgas.org, 2004). Source: Chow, J. et al (2003). Energy resources and global development. Sciencemag.org, vol.: 302. In conclusion the different contributions of fossil fuels to the modern human society are very noticeable. The chart above shows the global fossil fuels consumption by sectorial end use. The contributions of fossil fuels are made evident in the different sectors mentioned above. Form this essay, it can be suggested that the global fossil fuels consumption be reduced and more regulation that will effectively minimize the environmental implications of fossil fuels. it will be helpful if manufacturers consider environmental factors when producing machines and appliances that is being powered by fossil fuels. Moreover, resolving the global dilemma presented by fossil fuels will require a collective effort of every human. Private Finance Initiatives: Advantages and Disadvantages Private Finance Initiatives: Advantages and Disadvantages PFI Principles The PFI, known as Private Finance Initiative, is a type of Public Private Partnership procurement method implemented in UK construction industry in 1992. (Chinyio and Gameson, 2009) As an important part of Governments strategy for delivering high quality public services, Private Finance Initiative requires the private financers to put its own capital at risk to deliver clear defined public projects for a long term period, ensuring the quality of the work delivered within the time and budget. (HM Treasury, 2009) OGC (2007, p.6) defined PFI as Where the public sector contracts to purchase quality services, with defined outputs from the private sector on long term basis, and including maintaining or constructing the necessary infrastructure so as to take advantage of private management skills incentivised by having private finance at risk. PFI has now covered most of public services such as health, education, defence, prisons and transportations. Typically, PFI procurement involves contracting the entire project package including design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance, to a group of private companies which consists of a reasonably skilled construction firm and a facility management firm, for a long period of 20 30 years. The government also provides specifications indicating the services and standards it requests, and leave the control right of design and construction and operation solely to the private group for the contract period. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006) It is only recommended for projects to take PFI route when the capital cost is likely to exceed  £20m. (OGC, 2007) Bennett and Iossa (2009) say that its more likely to use PFI procurement if the externality is positive and the innovation on residual value is large. Advantages Long-Term Relationship PFI is not only focusing on the value for money, it also stressed the development of long term relationship between public sector and private sector. Robinson and Scott (2009) indicates that long-term relationships in PFI projects can provide a powerful incentive in order to learn from each other, share the knowledge, innovate and continuously improve the performance between private sector and public sector in project delivery. Partnering is a crucial key of PFI procurement, the good performance of which will lead to the success of the project. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) addresses Success can be achieved only if the public authority and the contractor approach the project in a spirit of partnership, wit understanding of each others business and a common vision of how best they can work together. Public Saving PFI/PPP procurement has the potential to reduce the cost, and deliver better quality work with the same cost in other procurements. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) Research shows that the governments investment using PFI procurement in the UK is now about 10-14% in its total investment. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Local authorities are keen to use PFI to deliver a project via partnership as they do not need to borrow money from the banks. Spackman (2002) finds the government constrains its borrowing because it concerns about future taxation, economic demand, costs of the borrowing, and flexibility responding to future economy shocks. The interest cost of public debit in UK is at 2-2.5 percent, however for the cost of private one is only about 1 percent. (Spackman, 2002) Anon (2009, p.3) declares that In the UK, lack of cash is forcing the government to look at using PPPs for more broadly. The saving for the government is not only from the borrowing tax aspect, but also in total value of the projects compared with traditional procurement. Parker and Hartley, 2003 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) claim that PPP contracts for UK defence services save cost range from 5-40 percent compared traditional public procurement. Private Profit One of the benefits for private sectors to take PFI is that under the long term ownership, they can gain incomes and profits under their management and operation, or exchange benefits with the local authorities. Carrillo at el. (2008) indentifies that one of the key drivers for the motivation of the PFI is the steady and long term income stream and higher returns and profitability. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) also mentions its easier to increase charges to meet a contract with a private operator than by voting in local or national government, and private financiers might regard income from users as a less risky source of revenue. Better Management Skills As private financers are more capable for management in business in various fields, the government believes that the private sector has a better role to offer project management skills, innovative design and facility and risk management. (Carrillo at el., 2008) Spackman (2002) stresses that the monitoring pressures on contractors from private sectors may be stronger than those from the public sector which is leading to a quality work. Long Term Contract In PFI, contractors are tied into a long-term commitment, so that it reduces that a contractor can walk away during the project if no sufficient funding is in place. Even though contracts might restrict this from happening, but it is difficult to design and impose broad articles and clauses in the contract for a long contractual period. (Spackman, 2002) Risk Transfer Risk transfer is also an important element for delivering a good PFI project. Carrillo at el. (2008) claim that PFI will reduce the risk level carried by the government and transfer it to the contractors. Grimsey and Lewis (2005, pp.345-378) concludes that The transferred risk is often a key determinant of value for money in PPPs, and one that may need to be updated as negotiations processed, to allow for variations in risk allocation. Apart from public procurement cost risk, there are also other risks such as site use, site operation and access, building standards, operations and management, financial conditions, maintenances and services, residual value and revenue etc. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Those risks can all be considered and transferred to private side. In UK, there is a long list of samples for public funded projects being delayed or finished with over budget. Such risks being transferred from public sector to private sector through a PPP route is considered to be adding v alue for money for public project, as private sector will solely manage the project cost, time and quality. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Less Construction Time PFI is considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on time. MacDonald, 2002 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 50 large UK public procurement projects in the past 20 years, and found 11 were using PFI/PPP, average of which were completed under-time. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, 89 percent of which were completed under or on time. Compared with traditional procured projects, 30 percent of which delivered on time, PFI projects could be completed on time with a 76 percent. (UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Delivery against Budget PFI is also considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on budget. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, all of which were all finished within the budget. Compared with traditional procured projects finished with 27 percent on budget, PFI projects completed on budget with a 78 percent. (UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Innovation Approach PFI schemes allow the private bidders to explore their appetite to develop creational and unique projects which can also meet the required standards from the government. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) When the project is under the ownership of public sector, renegotiation between the private financiers and the public clients must be carried out before the innovation is applied. However, when the project is the ownership of private sector, following governments specifications, private financiers has own power and freedom to implement an innovative approach to meet its own requirements. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006) Disadvantages Time Taking Research shows that most suppliers complain that during the procurement, the PFI process takes too long for management decisions. (Spackman, 2002) Li (in Bing et al., 2005a, pp.25-35) claims that the most negative factor associated with PFI/PPP procurement is a lot of management time spent in the contract transaction, length delays in negotiation and high participation cost. Furthermore, Carrillo at el. (2008, pp.138-145) state that PFI projects are complex than traditional procurement taking longer lead-in time before the start of the construction. It also adds It is unsustainable for a private company to have staff involved on a project for a 5 years period without a positive outcome. Risk Allocation It is an advantage for public sector that their risks during PFI have been allocated away to private sections. However, it would be a shortcoming for private bidders to carry the risks somehow. OGC (2007, p.10) indicates that: construction projects are undertaken by the private sector, which are incentivised by having private finance at risk. High Cost According to research from Bing et al. (2005b), PPP/PFI procurement has problems such as high tender cost, complicated negotiation, innovation cost restrains and conflicting in objectives between stakeholders. Carrillo at el. (2008) also find complain from both of client and contractors that the costs for the bidding, design and construction are higher than the traditional procurements. Lack of Expertise There are still many public professionals not experienced with PFI as it is so complex to cope with. Carrillo at el. (2008) indicates that lack of expertise in public sector in terms of experience is one of the issues for PFI process. It adds further that the lack of expertise has negative impacts on the PFI projects, and the local authorities who are limited with the experience are also struggling to keep up the private partners, which influences the partnering development. Government Influence The government is somehow bombarded that it is trying to show positive sides of PFI as much as it can in order to encourage implementation of PFI. The research and studies carried out so far by the government have been using a limited amount of projects with certain focus. It is recommended to call for more independent and third party studies for a wide range of project research and collect feedback from the clients in all types of projects to analysis the PFI performance. (Carrillo at el., 2008) Procurement Comparison In order to procure the project of residential development for Wulfruna University in UK, PFI and Design and Build are taken into account for the project procurement. Comparison and analysis are carried out as following. Design Build Design Build is one of the popular procurement methods implemented in the construction industry. Since April 2000, DB has been nominated as one of the procurement recommendations along with PFI and Prime Contracting by the government body. (OGC, 2007) The basic principle of DB procurement is, as fig.1 shown, the client sets up the requirements and standards, and then forwards them to the DB contractor for the delivery of the work. There is always possible option for client to consult other design professionals for initial innovations and design concepts. Once, the client is contracted with the DB contractor, its responsibility of design involvement is totally reduced. Risks shifts to the DB project team, consisting of designers, suppliers and subcontractors, who will take full responsibility to carry out the design and construction of the projects. (OGC, 2007) Brief Analysis With the intention of analysis the brief, following key points have been indentified: Existing 12,500 students with 800 hall of residence and 450 on proposal Existing 65% males and 60% full timers Proposed 450 bed hall of residence Proposed building with comprised different types of accommodation Proposed building with a modern standard Proposed building to hire out to tourists or public members during holidays Analysis: The current student number is 12, 500, and full time student is about 7,500. But the number of the halls is only 1,250 (including the one on proposal). This figure is only about 16.7% of the current full time student number, if 1,2500 rooms are all counted as single units. There is a possibility of future development of more student halls of residence. If current full time student number is about 7,500 who need student accommodation, there could be about 4,875 male students. It is common that the maintenance and cleaning for the rooms rented out for male students are more likely harder and difficult than the ones for female students. So that the proposed building should be quality ensured with good maintenance scheme in place. 450 bed hall of residence with modern standard and mixed types of rooms could increase the project cost, and it is likely to over the  £20m limit. Such a number of students accommodation also needs a good management and administration. The requirement of different types of accommodation might involve variation during design stage of the project. A modern standard might involve client into the design for its appetite of innovation approach and standard. Renting out tourists and other public members could increase extra income for the owner. Good management and operation are required from experience management firms to provide professional services. PFI versus Design Build Project Time It is clearly indentified in the previous section that the majority of PFI project delivered under or on time. DB comes with 2 options for competing projects normally. One is fixed price project; therefore, the project will be delivered definitely within the budget or no extra costs for the clients if its over. But the time of the project is uncertain. The other option is fixed time project, which can guarantee the project time, but the cost of the work could be more than what clients expects. Therefore, in terms of project time, both PFI and DB are all suitable for the project. Project Cost PFI is considered to be cost efficient delivery, and it always meets the budget or even under the budget. But it may cost more for the bidding cost for the contractors. DB can apply fixed price option so that both procurement methods can meet the requirement of cost even though the cost requirement is not clear in this brief. However, and again, the time will not be guaranteed. Project Quality Due to PFI is involved a long term contract for the contractor and private financiers, it guarantee the quality and maintenance of the project. However, DB is somehow has more chance to deliver a less quality work depending on the morale and motivation of the contractor, contractor might reduce the quality of the work in terms of material or skilled labour etc to save a profit for its own. According to the analysis b, PFI is more favourable for the quality work in this project. Clients Involvement When the private financier claims the ownership, involvement of design is more likely to happen in order to input innovation approach to achieve the appetite of financiers own. Therefore variation is allowed to occur within the PFI. However, DB contractor process the project from design to construction, there is not involvement for the client. Any variation for the project will lead an extra fee to be implemented by the contractor. According to the brief analysis d and e, PFI is definitely better for DB in this case. Risk Allocation In PFI, risks will be transferred to the private financier for the development. In DB, client only have a single contractual link with the contractor, shown as in fig. 1. The risk the client carried is little and passes most of it to the contractor. Project Nature PFI procurement is suitable for complex project, in which the project cost is more than  £20m according to the introduction from OGC. DB, however, is also suitable for the complex project. As in the brief analysis c, it indicates complex types of accommodation requirement, both PFI and DB can procure this project. Partnering Approach It is no doubt that PFI is the only one procurement which required partnering for project compared with DB. Good partnering can lead to exchange of learning, knowledge sharing and improvement of delivery. In the brief analysis a, there is a potential development of student halls in the future if the number of students keeps increasing. Good partnering and relationship are the keys for quality delivery. PFI is then better than DB to be selected. Management Operation Maintenance PFI is a long term contractual practice which involves design, construction, management, operation and maintenance for a period of 20 to 30 years. Private sector sometimes has better management skills than public sector. Analysis f stresses the need of good Management and Operation, and also analysis b again claims the importance of maintenance. PFI, therefore, is once again the only option for this requirement contrasted with DB Selection Recommendation According to HM Treasurys Central Unit on Purchasing, 1992 (in Masterman, J.W.E., 2002), selection of an appropriate procurement method can be achieved following the following steps: Review of contract strategy Analysis Options Selection of best strategy Implementation The document suggests clients or project managers to score how each procurement method meet the requirement of the objectives in various aspects, in which way the evaluation of the procurement is carried out. (Masterman, J.W.E., 2002) As fig. 2 shown, each standard criterion has its own requirements relative weighting range from 1 to 4. A satisfaction score range from 1 to10 should then be given to the procurement matching with the standard criteria. After the scoring, a calculation should be done by using the procurement score on one of the criteria multiplied by the weighing for the matched criteria. Then add up all the results to get a total score. For instance, in fig. 2, the underlined figures show the timing weighing for the project and traditional procurements score on this aspect for the project, so it should be calculated as: 4 X 4 = 16, and 16 is the total score for the traditional procurements performance on timing. Then add the rest scores for variation, project nature et c. The more the score is, the more suitable the procurement will be. It is recommended that the client, the Wulfruna University, should firstly analysis and identify the importance of each objective for the entire project, and provide the scale weighing on the object criteria according to the importance level. Then follow the sample shown above to list common procurement methods and give a score to each one. In the end, to choose the most scored procurement for the student hall of residence project. However, there are also other types of selection, but the main principles are all similar to each other. Conclusion In this report, it has reviewed PFI procurement. The review has recognized PFI can provide quality project within the time and budget scale, freedom of innovation, long term relationship, risk transfer from public sector to private sector etc, but has also underlined some drawbacks such as long decision making, high bid cost and lack of experience for both side etc. Meanwhile, it has compared two chosen procurement types PFI and Design Build, both of which are recommended by the government body. According to the brief analysis, it has listed some key points and requirements for the projects and comparison against each requirement between PFI and DB are carried out. It is clearly that PFI can provide more to meet the requirement of the project brief. Furthermore, a recommendation for procurement selection is also provided with an example of how the procurement is selected is also presented. 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